MAHENDRAGARH,
India — This is what family planning in India often looks like:
Women in their 20s, mostly farmers’ wives, gather at dawn on the
stairs of a district hospital.
Hours later, a surgeon arrives.
His
time is short. He asks the women to sit in a row on the floor of the
operating room and then, in operations lasting a few minutes apiece,
uses a laparoscope to sever their fallopian tubes, ensuring they will
never again bear a child.
For decades, India has relied on female
sterilization as its primary mode of contraception, funding about
four million tubal ligations every year, more than any other country.
This year, the government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi will take a
major step toward modernizing that system, introducing injectable
contraceptives free of charge in government facilities.
The World
Health Organization recommends their use without restriction for
women of childbearing age.
New birth control options have long
been advocated by international organizations, among them the United
States Agency for International Development and the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation.
They say Indian women — often worn out,
anemic and at higher risk of death because they bear children young
and often — urgently need methods to delay or space pregnancies.
The number of
lives touched by such policies is enormous and growing. India will
soon surpass China as the world’s most populous nation, and by 2050
it is expected to gain 400 million new citizens, more than the
population of the United States.
Paradoxically, here in India, the
keenest opposition to these newer methods of birth control — ones
seen in the West as empowering women to control their fertility —
has come from some women’s activist groups that distrust the safety
of these methods and believe that profit-hungry Western
pharmaceutical companies are pushing them.
Despite growing evidence
of the safety of the injectables and their increasingly widespread
use across South Asia, these groups have continued to oppose them.
And it is Mr. Modi’s socially conservative Bharatiya Janata Party
that has broken with decades of resistance to injectables.
The shift in policy has come in part
because the government is less concerned about opposition from civil
society groups, most of them more closely aligned with the previous
ruling party, the Indian National Congress.
Officials were also
spurred by a medical disaster in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh,
where 13 women died in 2014 after undergoing tubal ligation at a
high-volume government “sterilization camp.”
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